A study from the Apple Women’s Health Study, published in JAMA Network Open, reveals that the average age of menarche, or the first menstrual period, has decreased to 11.9 years, while the time to achieve regular menstrual cycles has increased. This trend, observed over the past 55 years, raises concerns about worsening reproductive and overall health, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities.
The study analyzed data from over 71,000 women and found that early menarche is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and early death due to prolonged exposure to estrogen. Additionally, a longer time to cycle regularity is linked to increased chances of irregular cycles throughout reproductive life, which can lead to infertility. The study noted that the determinants of menarche and pubertal transition are multifactorial, involving body composition, diet, physical activity, and environmental exposures.
The research highlights significant racial and ethnic disparities in menstrual health. Participants who were Asian or Hispanic had longer and more variable menstrual cycles compared to their white counterparts. These findings suggest that minority groups may face unique challenges in achieving menstrual health, potentially exacerbating existing health disparities.
The study underscores the need for targeted public health interventions to address these disparities. By understanding the factors contributing to early menarche and irregular cycles, healthcare providers can develop strategies to improve menstrual health outcomes for all women, particularly those from underserved communities. This approach aims to reduce the long-term health risks associated with these menstrual changes.
